<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
<title>32.12. dis — Disassembler for Python bytecode — Python 3.4.3 documentation</title>
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pydoctheme.css" type="text/css" />
<link rel="stylesheet" href="../_static/pygments.css" type="text/css" />
<script type="text/javascript">
var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
URL_ROOT: '../',
VERSION: '3.4.3',
COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
HAS_SOURCE: true
};
</script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/jquery.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/underscore.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/doctools.js"></script>
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/sidebar.js"></script>
<link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml"
title="Search within Python 3.4.3 documentation"
href="../_static/opensearch.xml"/>
<link rel="author" title="About these documents" href="../about.html" />
<link rel="copyright" title="Copyright" href="../copyright.html" />
<link rel="top" title="Python 3.4.3 documentation" href="../index.html" />
<link rel="up" title="32. Python Language Services" href="language.html" />
<link rel="next" title="32.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers" href="pickletools.html" />
<link rel="prev" title="32.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries" href="compileall.html" />
<link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/png" href="../_static/py.png" />
<script type="text/javascript" src="../_static/copybutton.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<div class="related">
<h3>Navigation</h3>
<ul>
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
accesskey="I">index</a></li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
>modules</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="pickletools.html" title="32.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers"
accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="compileall.html" title="32.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries"
accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li>
<li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
<li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
<li>
<a href="../index.html">3.4.3 Documentation</a> »
</li>
<li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li>
<li><a href="language.html" accesskey="U">32. Python Language Services</a> »</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="document">
<div class="documentwrapper">
<div class="bodywrapper">
<div class="body">
<div class="section" id="module-dis">
<span id="dis-disassembler-for-python-bytecode"></span><h1>32.12. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></tt></a> — Disassembler for Python bytecode<a class="headerlink" href="#module-dis" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<p><strong>Source code:</strong> <a class="reference external" href="https://hg.python.org/cpython/file/3.4/Lib/dis.py">Lib/dis.py</a></p>
<hr class="docutils" />
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></tt></a> module supports the analysis of CPython <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-bytecode"><em class="xref std std-term">bytecode</em></a> by
disassembling it. The CPython bytecode which this module takes as an
input is defined in the file <tt class="file docutils literal"><span class="pre">Include/opcode.h</span></tt> and used by the compiler
and the interpreter.</p>
<div class="impl-detail compound">
<p><strong>CPython implementation detail:</strong> Bytecode is an implementation detail of the CPython interpreter. No
guarantees are made that bytecode will not be added, removed, or changed
between versions of Python. Use of this module should not be considered to
work across Python VMs or Python releases.</p>
</div>
<p>Example: Given the function <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">myfunc()</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">myfunc</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alist</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="k">return</span> <span class="nb">len</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">alist</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>the following command can be used to display the disassembly of
<tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">myfunc()</span></tt>:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">dis</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myfunc</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="go"> 2 0 LOAD_GLOBAL 0 (len)</span>
<span class="go"> 3 LOAD_FAST 0 (alist)</span>
<span class="go"> 6 CALL_FUNCTION 1</span>
<span class="go"> 9 RETURN_VALUE</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>(The “2” is a line number).</p>
<div class="section" id="bytecode-analysis">
<h2>32.12.1. Bytecode analysis<a class="headerlink" href="#bytecode-analysis" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.4.</span></p>
</div>
<p>The bytecode analysis API allows pieces of Python code to be wrapped in a
<a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></tt></a> object that provides easy access to details of the
compiled code.</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="dis.Bytecode">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">Bytecode</tt><big>(</big><em>x</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>first_line=None</em>, <em>current_offset=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Analyse the bytecode corresponding to a function, method, string of
source code, or a code object (as returned by <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">compile()</span></tt></a>).</p>
<p>This is a convenience wrapper around many of the functions listed below,
most notably <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="dis.get_instructions"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instructions()</span></tt></a>, as iterating over a
<a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></tt></a> instance yields the bytecode operations as
<a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Instruction</span></tt></a> instances.</p>
<p>If <em>first_line</em> is not None, it indicates the line number that should
be reported for the first source line in the disassembled code.
Otherwise, the source line information (if any) is taken directly from
the disassembled code object.</p>
<p>If <em>current_offset</em> is not None, it refers to an instruction offset
in the disassembled code. Setting this means <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis()</span></tt></a> will display
a “current instruction” marker against the specified opcode.</p>
<dl class="classmethod">
<dt id="dis.Bytecode.from_traceback">
<em class="property">classmethod </em><tt class="descname">from_traceback</tt><big>(</big><em>tb</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.from_traceback" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Construct a <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></tt></a> instance from the given traceback,
setting <em>current_offset</em> to the instruction responsible for the
exception.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Bytecode.codeobj">
<tt class="descname">codeobj</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.codeobj" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The compiled code object.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Bytecode.first_line">
<tt class="descname">first_line</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.first_line" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The first source line of the code object (if available)</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="dis.Bytecode.dis">
<tt class="descname">dis</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.dis" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a formatted view of the bytecode operations (the same as
printed by <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis()</span></tt></a>, but returned as a multi-line string).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="dis.Bytecode.info">
<tt class="descname">info</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Bytecode.info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed information about the
code object, like <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.code_info" title="dis.code_info"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">code_info()</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<p>Example:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="n">bytecode</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">dis</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">Bytecode</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">myfunc</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">>>> </span><span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">instr</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">bytecode</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="gp">... </span> <span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">instr</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">opname</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="gp">...</span>
<span class="go">LOAD_GLOBAL</span>
<span class="go">LOAD_FAST</span>
<span class="go">CALL_FUNCTION</span>
<span class="go">RETURN_VALUE</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="analysis-functions">
<h2>32.12.2. Analysis functions<a class="headerlink" href="#analysis-functions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#module-dis" title="dis: Disassembler for Python bytecode."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></tt></a> module also defines the following analysis functions that
convert the input directly to the desired output. They can be useful if
only a single operation is being performed, so the intermediate analysis
object isn’t useful:</p>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.code_info">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">code_info</tt><big>(</big><em>x</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.code_info" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a formatted multi-line string with detailed code object information
for the supplied function, method, source code string or code object.</p>
<p>Note that the exact contents of code info strings are highly implementation
dependent and they may change arbitrarily across Python VMs or Python
releases.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.show_code">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">show_code</tt><big>(</big><em>x</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.show_code" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Print detailed code object information for the supplied function, method,
source code string or code object to <em>file</em> (or <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt> if <em>file</em>
is not specified).</p>
<p>This is a convenient shorthand for <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">print(code_info(x),</span> <span class="pre">file=file)</span></tt>,
intended for interactive exploration at the interpreter prompt.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.2.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.dis">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">dis</tt><big>(</big><em>x=None</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.dis" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disassemble the <em>x</em> object. <em>x</em> can denote either a module, a class, a
method, a function, a code object, a string of source code or a byte sequence
of raw bytecode. For a module, it disassembles all functions. For a class,
it disassembles all methods. For a code object or sequence of raw bytecode,
it prints one line per bytecode instruction. Strings are first compiled to
code objects with the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile" title="compile"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">compile()</span></tt></a> built-in function before being
disassembled. If no object is provided, this function disassembles the last
traceback.</p>
<p>The disassembly is written as text to the supplied <em>file</em> argument if
provided and to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt> otherwise.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.distb">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">distb</tt><big>(</big><em>tb=None</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.distb" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disassemble the top-of-stack function of a traceback, using the last
traceback if none was passed. The instruction causing the exception is
indicated.</p>
<p>The disassembly is written as text to the supplied <em>file</em> argument if
provided and to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt> otherwise.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.disassemble">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">disassemble</tt><big>(</big><em>code</em>, <em>lasti=-1</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disassemble" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dt id="dis.disco">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">disco</tt><big>(</big><em>code</em>, <em>lasti=-1</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>file=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.disco" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Disassemble a code object, indicating the last instruction if <em>lasti</em> was
provided. The output is divided in the following columns:</p>
<ol class="arabic simple">
<li>the line number, for the first instruction of each line</li>
<li>the current instruction, indicated as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">--></span></tt>,</li>
<li>a labelled instruction, indicated with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">>></span></tt>,</li>
<li>the address of the instruction,</li>
<li>the operation code name,</li>
<li>operation parameters, and</li>
<li>interpretation of the parameters in parentheses.</li>
</ol>
<p>The parameter interpretation recognizes local and global variable names,
constant values, branch targets, and compare operators.</p>
<p>The disassembly is written as text to the supplied <em>file</em> argument if
provided and to <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">sys.stdout</span></tt> otherwise.</p>
<div class="versionchanged">
<p><span class="versionmodified">Changed in version 3.4: </span>Added <em>file</em> parameter.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.get_instructions">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">get_instructions</tt><big>(</big><em>x</em>, <em>*</em>, <em>first_line=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return an iterator over the instructions in the supplied function, method,
source code string or code object.</p>
<p>The iterator generates a series of <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Instruction</span></tt></a> named tuples
giving the details of each operation in the supplied code.</p>
<p>If <em>first_line</em> is not None, it indicates the line number that should
be reported for the first source line in the disassembled code.
Otherwise, the source line information (if any) is taken directly from
the disassembled code object.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.4.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.findlinestarts">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">findlinestarts</tt><big>(</big><em>code</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlinestarts" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This generator function uses the <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_firstlineno</span></tt> and <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_lnotab</span></tt>
attributes of the code object <em>code</em> to find the offsets which are starts of
lines in the source code. They are generated as <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(offset,</span> <span class="pre">lineno)</span></tt> pairs.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.findlabels">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">findlabels</tt><big>(</big><em>code</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.findlabels" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Detect all offsets in the code object <em>code</em> which are jump targets, and
return a list of these offsets.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="function">
<dt id="dis.stack_effect">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">stack_effect</tt><big>(</big><em>opcode</em><span class="optional">[</span>, <em>oparg</em><span class="optional">]</span><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.stack_effect" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Compute the stack effect of <em>opcode</em> with argument <em>oparg</em>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.4.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="python-bytecode-instructions">
<span id="bytecodes"></span><h2>32.12.3. Python Bytecode Instructions<a class="headerlink" href="#python-bytecode-instructions" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>The <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.get_instructions" title="dis.get_instructions"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">get_instructions()</span></tt></a> function and <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Bytecode" title="dis.Bytecode"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Bytecode</span></tt></a> class provide
details of bytecode instructions as <a class="reference internal" href="#dis.Instruction" title="dis.Instruction"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Instruction</span></tt></a> instances:</p>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="dis.Instruction">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">Instruction</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Details for a bytecode operation</p>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.opcode">
<tt class="descname">opcode</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.opcode" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>numeric code for operation, corresponding to the opcode values listed
below and the bytecode values in the <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-collections"><em>Opcode collections</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.opname">
<tt class="descname">opname</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.opname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>human readable name for operation</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.arg">
<tt class="descname">arg</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.arg" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>numeric argument to operation (if any), otherwise None</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.argval">
<tt class="descname">argval</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.argval" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>resolved arg value (if known), otherwise same as arg</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.argrepr">
<tt class="descname">argrepr</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.argrepr" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>human readable description of operation argument</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.offset">
<tt class="descname">offset</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.offset" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>start index of operation within bytecode sequence</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.starts_line">
<tt class="descname">starts_line</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.starts_line" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>line started by this opcode (if any), otherwise None</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.Instruction.is_jump_target">
<tt class="descname">is_jump_target</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.Instruction.is_jump_target" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">True</span></tt> if other code jumps to here, otherwise <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">False</span></tt></p>
</dd></dl>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.4.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<p>The Python compiler currently generates the following bytecode instructions.</p>
<p><strong>General instructions</strong></p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-NOP">
<tt class="descname">NOP</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-NOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Do nothing code. Used as a placeholder by the bytecode optimizer.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_TOP">
<tt class="descname">POP_TOP</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_TOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Removes the top-of-stack (TOS) item.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-ROT_TWO">
<tt class="descname">ROT_TWO</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_TWO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Swaps the two top-most stack items.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-ROT_THREE">
<tt class="descname">ROT_THREE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-ROT_THREE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Lifts second and third stack item one position up, moves top down to position
three.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DUP_TOP">
<tt class="descname">DUP_TOP</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Duplicates the reference on top of the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DUP_TOP_TWO">
<tt class="descname">DUP_TOP_TWO</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DUP_TOP_TWO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Duplicates the two references on top of the stack, leaving them in the
same order.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><strong>Unary operations</strong></p>
<p>Unary operations take the top of the stack, apply the operation, and push the
result back on the stack.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE">
<tt class="descname">UNARY_POSITIVE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_POSITIVE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">+TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE">
<tt class="descname">UNARY_NEGATIVE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NEGATIVE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">-TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_NOT">
<tt class="descname">UNARY_NOT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_NOT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">not</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNARY_INVERT">
<tt class="descname">UNARY_INVERT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNARY_INVERT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">~TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-GET_ITER">
<tt class="descname">GET_ITER</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-GET_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">iter(TOS)</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><strong>Binary operations</strong></p>
<p>Binary operations remove the top of the stack (TOS) and the second top-most
stack item (TOS1) from the stack. They perform the operation, and put the
result back on the stack.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_POWER">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_POWER</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_POWER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_MULTIPLY</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_MODULO">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_MODULO</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_MODULO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_ADD">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_ADD</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_SUBTRACT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBTRACT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_SUBSCR</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_LSHIFT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_LSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre"><<</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_RSHIFT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_RSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_AND">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_AND</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_AND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_XOR">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_XOR</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_XOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BINARY_OR">
<tt class="descname">BINARY_OR</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BINARY_OR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><strong>In-place operations</strong></p>
<p>In-place operations are like binary operations, in that they remove TOS and
TOS1, and push the result back on the stack, but the operation is done in-place
when TOS1 supports it, and the resulting TOS may be (but does not have to be)
the original TOS1.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_POWER">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_POWER</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_POWER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">**</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_MULTIPLY</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MULTIPLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">*</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_FLOOR_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">//</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_TRUE_DIVIDE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">/</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_MODULO">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_MODULO</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_MODULO" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">%</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_ADD">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_ADD</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">+</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_SUBTRACT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_SUBTRACT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">-</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_LSHIFT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_LSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre"><<</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_RSHIFT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_RSHIFT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_AND">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_AND</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_AND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_XOR">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_XOR</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_XOR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">^</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-INPLACE_OR">
<tt class="descname">INPLACE_OR</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-INPLACE_OR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements in-place <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span> <span class="pre">|</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_SUBSCR">
<tt class="descname">STORE_SUBSCR</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS2</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_SUBSCR</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_SUBSCR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS1[TOS]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p><strong>Miscellaneous opcodes</strong></p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-PRINT_EXPR">
<tt class="descname">PRINT_EXPR</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-PRINT_EXPR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements the expression statement for the interactive mode. TOS is removed
from the stack and printed. In non-interactive mode, an expression statement is
terminated with <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">POP_TOP</span></tt></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BREAK_LOOP">
<tt class="descname">BREAK_LOOP</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BREAK_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Terminates a loop due to a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#break"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">break</span></tt></a> statement.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CONTINUE_LOOP">
<tt class="descname">CONTINUE_LOOP</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CONTINUE_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Continues a loop due to a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#continue"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">continue</span></tt></a> statement. <em>target</em> is the
address to jump to (which should be a <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-FOR_ITER"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">FOR_ITER</span></tt></a> instruction).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SET_ADD">
<tt class="descname">SET_ADD</tt><big>(</big><em>i</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SET_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">set.add(TOS1[-i],</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></tt>. Used to implement set comprehensions.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LIST_APPEND">
<tt class="descname">LIST_APPEND</tt><big>(</big><em>i</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LIST_APPEND" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">list.append(TOS[-i],</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></tt>. Used to implement list comprehensions.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-MAP_ADD">
<tt class="descname">MAP_ADD</tt><big>(</big><em>i</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAP_ADD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dict.setitem(TOS1[-i],</span> <span class="pre">TOS,</span> <span class="pre">TOS1)</span></tt>. Used to implement dict
comprehensions.</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>For all of the <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-SET_ADD"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">SET_ADD</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LIST_APPEND"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">LIST_APPEND</span></tt></a> and <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-MAP_ADD"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">MAP_ADD</span></tt></a>
instructions, while the
added value or key/value pair is popped off, the container object remains on
the stack so that it is available for further iterations of the loop.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-RETURN_VALUE">
<tt class="descname">RETURN_VALUE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RETURN_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Returns with TOS to the caller of the function.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-YIELD_VALUE">
<tt class="descname">YIELD_VALUE</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-YIELD_VALUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pops <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span></tt> and yields it from a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator"><em class="xref std std-term">generator</em></a>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-YIELD_FROM">
<tt class="descname">YIELD_FROM</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-YIELD_FROM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pops <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span></tt> and delegates to it as a subiterator from a <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-generator"><em class="xref std std-term">generator</em></a>.</p>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.3.</span></p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-IMPORT_STAR">
<tt class="descname">IMPORT_STAR</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_STAR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Loads all symbols not starting with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">'_'</span></tt> directly from the module TOS to the
local namespace. The module is popped after loading all names. This opcode
implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">from</span> <span class="pre">module</span> <span class="pre">import</span> <span class="pre">*</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_BLOCK">
<tt class="descname">POP_BLOCK</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_BLOCK" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Removes one block from the block stack. Per frame, there is a stack of blocks,
denoting nested loops, try statements, and such.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_EXCEPT">
<tt class="descname">POP_EXCEPT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_EXCEPT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Removes one block from the block stack. The popped block must be an exception
handler block, as implicitly created when entering an except handler.
In addition to popping extraneous values from the frame stack, the
last three popped values are used to restore the exception state.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-END_FINALLY">
<tt class="descname">END_FINALLY</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-END_FINALLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Terminates a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#finally"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">finally</span></tt></a> clause. The interpreter recalls whether the
exception has to be re-raised, or whether the function returns, and continues
with the outer-next block.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_BUILD_CLASS">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_BUILD_CLASS</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_BUILD_CLASS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes <tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">builtins.__build_class__()</span></tt> onto the stack. It is later called
by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></tt></a> to construct a class.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_WITH">
<tt class="descname">SETUP_WITH</tt><big>(</big><em>delta</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_WITH" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This opcode performs several operations before a with block starts. First,
it loads <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__()</span></tt></a> from the context manager and pushes it onto
the stack for later use by <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-WITH_CLEANUP"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">WITH_CLEANUP</span></tt></a>. Then,
<a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__enter__" title="object.__enter__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__enter__()</span></tt></a> is called, and a finally block pointing to <em>delta</em>
is pushed. Finally, the result of calling the enter method is pushed onto
the stack. The next opcode will either ignore it (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-POP_TOP"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">POP_TOP</span></tt></a>), or
store it in (a) variable(s) (<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_NAME</span></tt></a>, or
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</span></tt></a>).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-WITH_CLEANUP">
<tt class="descname">WITH_CLEANUP</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-WITH_CLEANUP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Cleans up the stack when a <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/compound_stmts.html#with"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">with</span></tt></a> statement block exits. TOS is
the context manager’s <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/datamodel.html#object.__exit__" title="object.__exit__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__exit__()</span></tt></a> bound method. Below TOS are 1–3
values indicating how/why the finally clause was entered:</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li>SECOND = <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt></li>
<li>(SECOND, THIRD) = (<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">WHY_{RETURN,CONTINUE}</span></tt>), retval</li>
<li>SECOND = <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">WHY_*</span></tt>; no retval below it</li>
<li>(SECOND, THIRD, FOURTH) = exc_info()</li>
</ul>
<p>In the last case, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS(SECOND,</span> <span class="pre">THIRD,</span> <span class="pre">FOURTH)</span></tt> is called, otherwise
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS(None,</span> <span class="pre">None,</span> <span class="pre">None)</span></tt>. In addition, TOS is removed from the stack.</p>
<p>If the stack represents an exception, <em>and</em> the function call returns
a ‘true’ value, this information is “zapped” and replaced with a single
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">WHY_SILENCED</span></tt> to prevent <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-END_FINALLY"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">END_FINALLY</span></tt></a> from re-raising the exception.
(But non-local gotos will still be resumed.)</p>
</dd></dl>
<p>All of the following opcodes expect arguments. An argument is two bytes, with
the more significant byte last.</p>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_NAME">
<tt class="descname">STORE_NAME</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS</span></tt>. <em>namei</em> is the index of <em>name</em> in the attribute
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names</span></tt> of the code object. The compiler tries to use <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></tt></a>
or <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_GLOBAL"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_GLOBAL</span></tt></a> if possible.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_NAME">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_NAME</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">name</span></tt>, where <em>namei</em> is the index into <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names</span></tt>
attribute of the code object.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE">
<tt class="descname">UNPACK_SEQUENCE</tt><big>(</big><em>count</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNPACK_SEQUENCE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Unpacks TOS into <em>count</em> individual values, which are put onto the stack
right-to-left.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-UNPACK_EX">
<tt class="descname">UNPACK_EX</tt><big>(</big><em>counts</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-UNPACK_EX" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements assignment with a starred target: Unpacks an iterable in TOS into
individual values, where the total number of values can be smaller than the
number of items in the iterable: one the new values will be a list of all
leftover items.</p>
<p>The low byte of <em>counts</em> is the number of values before the list value, the
high byte of <em>counts</em> the number of values after it. The resulting values
are put onto the stack right-to-left.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_ATTR">
<tt class="descname">STORE_ATTR</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS.name</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">TOS1</span></tt>, where <em>namei</em> is the index of name in
<tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_ATTR">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_ATTR</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Implements <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span> <span class="pre">TOS.name</span></tt>, using <em>namei</em> as index into <tt class="xref py py-attr docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_GLOBAL">
<tt class="descname">STORE_GLOBAL</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_NAME"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_NAME</span></tt></a>, but stores the name as a global.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_GLOBAL</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-DELETE_NAME"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">DELETE_NAME</span></tt></a>, but deletes a global name.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_CONST">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_CONST</tt><big>(</big><em>consti</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CONST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_consts[consti]</span></tt> onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_NAME">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_NAME</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes the value associated with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></tt> onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_TUPLE">
<tt class="descname">BUILD_TUPLE</tt><big>(</big><em>count</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Creates a tuple consuming <em>count</em> items from the stack, and pushes the resulting
tuple onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_LIST">
<tt class="descname">BUILD_LIST</tt><big>(</big><em>count</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_LIST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE</span></tt></a>, but creates a list.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_SET">
<tt class="descname">BUILD_SET</tt><big>(</big><em>count</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SET" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Works as <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-BUILD_TUPLE"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">BUILD_TUPLE</span></tt></a>, but creates a set.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_MAP">
<tt class="descname">BUILD_MAP</tt><big>(</big><em>count</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_MAP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a new dictionary object onto the stack. The dictionary is pre-sized
to hold <em>count</em> entries.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_ATTR">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_ATTR</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_ATTR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Replaces TOS with <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">getattr(TOS,</span> <span class="pre">co_names[namei])</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-COMPARE_OP">
<tt class="descname">COMPARE_OP</tt><big>(</big><em>opname</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-COMPARE_OP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Performs a Boolean operation. The operation name can be found in
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">cmp_op[opname]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-IMPORT_NAME">
<tt class="descname">IMPORT_NAME</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_NAME" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Imports the module <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></tt>. TOS and TOS1 are popped and provide
the <em>fromlist</em> and <em>level</em> arguments of <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#__import__" title="__import__"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">__import__()</span></tt></a>. The module
object is pushed onto the stack. The current namespace is not affected:
for a proper import statement, a subsequent <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></tt></a> instruction
modifies the namespace.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-IMPORT_FROM">
<tt class="descname">IMPORT_FROM</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-IMPORT_FROM" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Loads the attribute <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></tt> from the module found in TOS. The
resulting object is pushed onto the stack, to be subsequently stored by a
<a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">STORE_FAST</span></tt></a> instruction.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_FORWARD">
<tt class="descname">JUMP_FORWARD</tt><big>(</big><em>delta</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_FORWARD" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Increments bytecode counter by <em>delta</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE">
<tt class="descname">POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_TRUE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em>. TOS is popped.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE">
<tt class="descname">POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-POP_JUMP_IF_FALSE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em>. TOS is popped.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP">
<tt class="descname">JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_TRUE_OR_POP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If TOS is true, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em> and leaves TOS
on the stack. Otherwise (TOS is false), TOS is popped.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP">
<tt class="descname">JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_IF_FALSE_OR_POP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>If TOS is false, sets the bytecode counter to <em>target</em> and leaves
TOS on the stack. Otherwise (TOS is true), TOS is popped.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-JUMP_ABSOLUTE">
<tt class="descname">JUMP_ABSOLUTE</tt><big>(</big><em>target</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-JUMP_ABSOLUTE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Set bytecode counter to <em>target</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-FOR_ITER">
<tt class="descname">FOR_ITER</tt><big>(</big><em>delta</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-FOR_ITER" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span></tt> is an <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-iterator"><em class="xref std std-term">iterator</em></a>. Call its <a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#iterator.__next__" title="iterator.__next__"><tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">__next__()</span></tt></a> method.
If this yields a new value, push it on the stack (leaving the iterator below
it). If the iterator indicates it is exhausted <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">TOS</span></tt> is popped, and the
byte code counter is incremented by <em>delta</em>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_GLOBAL</tt><big>(</big><em>namei</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_GLOBAL" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Loads the global named <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_names[namei]</span></tt> onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_LOOP">
<tt class="descname">SETUP_LOOP</tt><big>(</big><em>delta</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_LOOP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a block for a loop onto the block stack. The block spans from the
current instruction with a size of <em>delta</em> bytes.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_EXCEPT">
<tt class="descname">SETUP_EXCEPT</tt><big>(</big><em>delta</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_EXCEPT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. <em>delta</em> points
to the first except block.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-SETUP_FINALLY">
<tt class="descname">SETUP_FINALLY</tt><big>(</big><em>delta</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-SETUP_FINALLY" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a try block from a try-except clause onto the block stack. <em>delta</em> points
to the finally block.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_MAP">
<tt class="descname">STORE_MAP</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_MAP" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Store a key and value pair in a dictionary. Pops the key and value while leaving
the dictionary on the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_FAST">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_FAST</tt><big>(</big><em>var_num</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a reference to the local <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></tt> onto the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_FAST">
<tt class="descname">STORE_FAST</tt><big>(</big><em>var_num</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Stores TOS into the local <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_FAST">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_FAST</tt><big>(</big><em>var_num</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_FAST" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Deletes local <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_varnames[var_num]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_CLOSURE</tt><big>(</big><em>i</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CLOSURE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a reference to the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free
variable storage. The name of the variable is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_cellvars[i]</span></tt> if <em>i</em> is
less than the length of <em>co_cellvars</em>. Otherwise it is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">co_freevars[i</span> <span class="pre">-</span>
<span class="pre">len(co_cellvars)]</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_DEREF">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_DEREF</tt><big>(</big><em>i</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Loads the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free variable storage.
Pushes a reference to the object the cell contains on the stack.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-LOAD_CLASSDEREF">
<tt class="descname">LOAD_CLASSDEREF</tt><big>(</big><em>i</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-LOAD_CLASSDEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Much like <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-LOAD_DEREF"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">LOAD_DEREF</span></tt></a> but first checks the locals dictionary before
consulting the cell. This is used for loading free variables in class
bodies.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-STORE_DEREF">
<tt class="descname">STORE_DEREF</tt><big>(</big><em>i</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-STORE_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Stores TOS into the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free variable
storage.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-DELETE_DEREF">
<tt class="descname">DELETE_DEREF</tt><big>(</big><em>i</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-DELETE_DEREF" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Empties the cell contained in slot <em>i</em> of the cell and free variable storage.
Used by the <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/simple_stmts.html#del"><tt class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal"><span class="pre">del</span></tt></a> statement.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-RAISE_VARARGS">
<tt class="descname">RAISE_VARARGS</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-RAISE_VARARGS" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Raises an exception. <em>argc</em> indicates the number of parameters to the raise
statement, ranging from 0 to 3. The handler will find the traceback as TOS2,
the parameter as TOS1, and the exception as TOS.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION">
<tt class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls a function. The low byte of <em>argc</em> indicates the number of positional
parameters, the high byte the number of keyword parameters. On the stack, the
opcode finds the keyword parameters first. For each keyword argument, the value
is on top of the key. Below the keyword parameters, the positional parameters
are on the stack, with the right-most parameter on top. Below the parameters,
the function object to call is on the stack. Pops all function arguments, and
the function itself off the stack, and pushes the return value.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION">
<tt class="descname">MAKE_FUNCTION</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAKE_FUNCTION" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Pushes a new function object on the stack. From bottom to top, the consumed
stack must consist of</p>
<ul class="simple">
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">argc</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">0xFF</span></tt> default argument objects in positional order</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(argc</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">8)</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">0xFF</span></tt> pairs of name and default argument, with the name
just below the object on the stack, for keyword-only parameters</li>
<li><tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(argc</span> <span class="pre">>></span> <span class="pre">16)</span> <span class="pre">&</span> <span class="pre">0x7FFF</span></tt> parameter annotation objects</li>
<li>a tuple listing the parameter names for the annotations (only if there are
ony annotation objects)</li>
<li>the code associated with the function (at TOS1)</li>
<li>the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-qualified-name"><em class="xref std std-term">qualified name</em></a> of the function (at TOS)</li>
</ul>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-MAKE_CLOSURE">
<tt class="descname">MAKE_CLOSURE</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-MAKE_CLOSURE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Creates a new function object, sets its <em>__closure__</em> slot, and pushes it on
the stack. TOS is the <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-qualified-name"><em class="xref std std-term">qualified name</em></a> of the function, TOS1 is the
code associated with the function, and TOS2 is the tuple containing cells for
the closure’s free variables. The function also has <em>argc</em> default parameters,
which are found below the cells.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-BUILD_SLICE">
<tt class="descname">BUILD_SLICE</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-BUILD_SLICE" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p id="index-0">Pushes a slice object on the stack. <em>argc</em> must be 2 or 3. If it is 2,
<tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">slice(TOS1,</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></tt> is pushed; if it is 3, <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">slice(TOS2,</span> <span class="pre">TOS1,</span> <span class="pre">TOS)</span></tt> is
pushed. See the <a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#slice" title="slice"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">slice()</span></tt></a> built-in function for more information.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-EXTENDED_ARG">
<tt class="descname">EXTENDED_ARG</tt><big>(</big><em>ext</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-EXTENDED_ARG" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Prefixes any opcode which has an argument too big to fit into the default two
bytes. <em>ext</em> holds two additional bytes which, taken together with the
subsequent opcode’s argument, comprise a four-byte argument, <em>ext</em> being the two
most-significant bytes.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR">
<tt class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION_VAR</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls a function. <em>argc</em> is interpreted as in <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></tt></a>. The top element
on the stack contains the variable argument list, followed by keyword and
positional arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW">
<tt class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION_KW</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_KW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls a function. <em>argc</em> is interpreted as in <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></tt></a>. The top element
on the stack contains the keyword arguments dictionary, followed by explicit
keyword and positional arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW">
<tt class="descname">CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW</tt><big>(</big><em>argc</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION_VAR_KW" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Calls a function. <em>argc</em> is interpreted as in <a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-CALL_FUNCTION"><tt class="xref std std-opcode docutils literal"><span class="pre">CALL_FUNCTION</span></tt></a>. The top
element on the stack contains the keyword arguments dictionary, followed by the
variable-arguments tuple, followed by explicit keyword and positional arguments.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="opcode">
<dt id="opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT">
<tt class="descname">HAVE_ARGUMENT</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-HAVE_ARGUMENT" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This is not really an opcode. It identifies the dividing line between opcodes
which don’t take arguments <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre"><</span> <span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></tt> and those which do <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">>=</span>
<span class="pre">HAVE_ARGUMENT</span></tt>.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="opcode-collections">
<span id="id1"></span><h2>32.12.4. Opcode collections<a class="headerlink" href="#opcode-collections" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>These collections are provided for automatic introspection of bytecode
instructions:</p>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.opname">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">opname</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of operation names, indexable using the bytecode.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.opmap">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">opmap</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.opmap" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Dictionary mapping operation names to bytecodes.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.cmp_op">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">cmp_op</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.cmp_op" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of all compare operation names.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasconst">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">hasconst</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasconst" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have a constant parameter.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasfree">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">hasfree</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasfree" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a free variable (note that ‘free’ in
this context refers to names in the current scope that are referenced by
inner scopes or names in outer scopes that are referenced from this scope.
It does <em>not</em> include references to global or builtin scopes).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasname">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">hasname</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasname" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access an attribute by name.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasjrel">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">hasjrel</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjrel" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have a relative jump target.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hasjabs">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">hasjabs</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hasjabs" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that have an absolute jump target.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.haslocal">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">haslocal</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.haslocal" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes that access a local variable.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="data">
<dt id="dis.hascompare">
<tt class="descclassname">dis.</tt><tt class="descname">hascompare</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#dis.hascompare" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Sequence of bytecodes of Boolean operations.</p>
</dd></dl>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
<div class="sphinxsidebar">
<div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
<h3><a href="../contents.html">Table Of Contents</a></h3>
<ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">32.12. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">dis</span></tt> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bytecode-analysis">32.12.1. Bytecode analysis</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#analysis-functions">32.12.2. Analysis functions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#python-bytecode-instructions">32.12.3. Python Bytecode Instructions</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#opcode-collections">32.12.4. Opcode collections</a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h4>Previous topic</h4>
<p class="topless"><a href="compileall.html"
title="previous chapter">32.11. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">compileall</span></tt> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a></p>
<h4>Next topic</h4>
<p class="topless"><a href="pickletools.html"
title="next chapter">32.13. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">pickletools</span></tt> — Tools for pickle developers</a></p>
<h3>This Page</h3>
<ul class="this-page-menu">
<li><a href="../bugs.html">Report a Bug</a></li>
<li><a href="../_sources/library/dis.txt"
rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
</ul>
<div id="searchbox" style="display: none">
<h3>Quick search</h3>
<form class="search" action="../search.html" method="get">
<input type="text" name="q" />
<input type="submit" value="Go" />
<input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes" />
<input type="hidden" name="area" value="default" />
</form>
<p class="searchtip" style="font-size: 90%">
Enter search terms or a module, class or function name.
</p>
</div>
<script type="text/javascript">$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
</div>
</div>
<div class="clearer"></div>
</div>
<div class="related">
<h3>Navigation</h3>
<ul>
<li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
<a href="../genindex.html" title="General Index"
>index</a></li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="../py-modindex.html" title="Python Module Index"
>modules</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="pickletools.html" title="32.13. pickletools — Tools for pickle developers"
>next</a> |</li>
<li class="right" >
<a href="compileall.html" title="32.11. compileall — Byte-compile Python libraries"
>previous</a> |</li>
<li><img src="../_static/py.png" alt=""
style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li>
<li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li>
<li>
<a href="../index.html">3.4.3 Documentation</a> »
</li>
<li><a href="index.html" >The Python Standard Library</a> »</li>
<li><a href="language.html" >32. Python Language Services</a> »</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="footer">
© <a href="../copyright.html">Copyright</a> 1990-2015, Python Software Foundation.
<br />
The Python Software Foundation is a non-profit corporation.
<a href="https://www.python.org/psf/donations/">Please donate.</a>
<br />
Last updated on Feb 25, 2015.
<a href="../bugs.html">Found a bug</a>?
<br />
Created using <a href="http://sphinx.pocoo.org/">Sphinx</a> 1.2.3.
</div>
</body>
</html>
@KyuuKazami