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<div class="section" id="module-selectors">
<span id="selectors-high-level-i-o-multiplexing"></span><h1>18.4. <a class="reference internal" href="#module-selectors" title="selectors: High-level I/O multiplexing."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">selectors</span></tt></a> – High-level I/O multiplexing<a class="headerlink" href="#module-selectors" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
<div class="versionadded">
<p><span class="versionmodified">New in version 3.4.</span></p>
</div>
<div class="section" id="introduction">
<h2>18.4.1. Introduction<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>This module allows high-level and efficient I/O multiplexing, built upon the
<a class="reference internal" href="select.html#module-select" title="select: Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">select</span></tt></a> module primitives. Users are encouraged to use this module
instead, unless they want precise control over the OS-level primitives used.</p>
<p>It defines a <a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.BaseSelector" title="selectors.BaseSelector"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseSelector</span></tt></a> abstract base class, along with several
concrete implementations (<a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.KqueueSelector" title="selectors.KqueueSelector"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">KqueueSelector</span></tt></a>, <a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.EpollSelector" title="selectors.EpollSelector"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">EpollSelector</span></tt></a>...),
that can be used to wait for I/O readiness notification on multiple file
objects. In the following, “file object” refers to any object with a
<tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileno()</span></tt> method, or a raw file descriptor. See <a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-file-object"><em class="xref std std-term">file object</em></a>.</p>
<p><a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.DefaultSelector" title="selectors.DefaultSelector"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DefaultSelector</span></tt></a> is an alias to the most efficient implementation
available on the current platform: this should be the default choice for most
users.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">The type of file objects supported depends on the platform: on Windows,
sockets are supported, but not pipes, whereas on Unix, both are supported
(some other types may be supported as well, such as fifos or special file
devices).</p>
</div>
<div class="admonition seealso">
<p class="first admonition-title">See also</p>
<dl class="last docutils">
<dt><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#module-select" title="select: Wait for I/O completion on multiple streams."><tt class="xref py py-mod docutils literal"><span class="pre">select</span></tt></a></dt>
<dd>Low-level I/O multiplexing module.</dd>
</dl>
</div>
</div>
<div class="section" id="classes">
<h2>18.4.2. Classes<a class="headerlink" href="#classes" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Classes hierarchy:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="n">BaseSelector</span>
<span class="o">+--</span> <span class="n">SelectSelector</span>
<span class="o">+--</span> <span class="n">PollSelector</span>
<span class="o">+--</span> <span class="n">EpollSelector</span>
<span class="o">+--</span> <span class="n">KqueueSelector</span>
</pre></div>
</div>
<p>In the following, <em>events</em> is a bitwise mask indicating which I/O events should
be waited for on a given file object. It can be a combination of the constants
below:</p>
<blockquote>
<div><table border="1" class="docutils">
<colgroup>
<col width="33%" />
<col width="67%" />
</colgroup>
<thead valign="bottom">
<tr class="row-odd"><th class="head">Constant</th>
<th class="head">Meaning</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody valign="top">
<tr class="row-even"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">EVENT_READ</span></tt></td>
<td>Available for read</td>
</tr>
<tr class="row-odd"><td><tt class="xref py py-const docutils literal"><span class="pre">EVENT_WRITE</span></tt></td>
<td>Available for write</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div></blockquote>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="selectors.SelectorKey">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">selectors.</tt><tt class="descname">SelectorKey</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.SelectorKey" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.SelectorKey" title="selectors.SelectorKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SelectorKey</span></tt></a> is a <a class="reference internal" href="collections.html#collections.namedtuple" title="collections.namedtuple"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">namedtuple</span></tt></a> used to
associate a file object to its underlying file decriptor, selected event
mask and attached data. It is returned by several <a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.BaseSelector" title="selectors.BaseSelector"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseSelector</span></tt></a>
methods.</p>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="selectors.SelectorKey.fileobj">
<tt class="descname">fileobj</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.SelectorKey.fileobj" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>File object registered.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="selectors.SelectorKey.fd">
<tt class="descname">fd</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.SelectorKey.fd" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Underlying file descriptor.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="selectors.SelectorKey.events">
<tt class="descname">events</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.SelectorKey.events" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Events that must be waited for on this file object.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="attribute">
<dt id="selectors.SelectorKey.data">
<tt class="descname">data</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.SelectorKey.data" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Optional opaque data associated to this file object: for example, this
could be used to store a per-client session ID.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="selectors.BaseSelector">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">selectors.</tt><tt class="descname">BaseSelector</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.BaseSelector" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>A <a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.BaseSelector" title="selectors.BaseSelector"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseSelector</span></tt></a> is used to wait for I/O event readiness on multiple
file objects. It supports file stream registration, unregistration, and a
method to wait for I/O events on those streams, with an optional timeout.
It’s an abstract base class, so cannot be instantiated. Use
<a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.DefaultSelector" title="selectors.DefaultSelector"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">DefaultSelector</span></tt></a> instead, or one of <a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.SelectSelector" title="selectors.SelectSelector"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SelectSelector</span></tt></a>,
<a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.KqueueSelector" title="selectors.KqueueSelector"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">KqueueSelector</span></tt></a> etc. if you want to specifically use an
implementation, and your platform supports it.
<a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.BaseSelector" title="selectors.BaseSelector"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseSelector</span></tt></a> and its concrete implementations support the
<a class="reference internal" href="../glossary.html#term-context-manager"><em class="xref std std-term">context manager</em></a> protocol.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="selectors.BaseSelector.register">
<tt class="descname">register</tt><big>(</big><em>fileobj</em>, <em>events</em>, <em>data=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.BaseSelector.register" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Register a file object for selection, monitoring it for I/O events.</p>
<p><em>fileobj</em> is the file object to monitor. It may either be an integer
file descriptor or an object with a <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileno()</span></tt> method.
<em>events</em> is a bitwise mask of events to monitor.
<em>data</em> is an opaque object.</p>
<p>This returns a new <a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.SelectorKey" title="selectors.SelectorKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SelectorKey</span></tt></a> instance, or raises a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> in case of invalid event mask or file descriptor, or
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></tt></a> if the file object is already registered.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="selectors.BaseSelector.unregister">
<tt class="descname">unregister</tt><big>(</big><em>fileobj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.BaseSelector.unregister" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Unregister a file object from selection, removing it from monitoring. A
file object shall be unregistered prior to being closed.</p>
<p><em>fileobj</em> must be a file object previously registered.</p>
<p>This returns the associated <a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.SelectorKey" title="selectors.SelectorKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SelectorKey</span></tt></a> instance, or raises a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></tt></a> if <em>fileobj</em> is not registered. It will raise
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> if <em>fileobj</em> is invalid (e.g. it has no <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileno()</span></tt>
method or its <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">fileno()</span></tt> method has an invalid return value).</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="selectors.BaseSelector.modify">
<tt class="descname">modify</tt><big>(</big><em>fileobj</em>, <em>events</em>, <em>data=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.BaseSelector.modify" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Change a registered file object’s monitored events or attached data.</p>
<p>This is equivalent to <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseSelector.unregister(fileobj)()</span></tt> followed
by <tt class="xref py py-meth docutils literal"><span class="pre">BaseSelector.register(fileobj,</span> <span class="pre">events,</span> <span class="pre">data)()</span></tt>, except that it
can be implemented more efficiently.</p>
<p>This returns a new <a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.SelectorKey" title="selectors.SelectorKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SelectorKey</span></tt></a> instance, or raises a
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#ValueError" title="ValueError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">ValueError</span></tt></a> in case of invalid event mask or file descriptor, or
<a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></tt></a> if the file object is not registered.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="selectors.BaseSelector.select">
<tt class="descname">select</tt><big>(</big><em>timeout=None</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.BaseSelector.select" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Wait until some registered file objects become ready, or the timeout
expires.</p>
<p>If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timeout</span> <span class="pre">></span> <span class="pre">0</span></tt>, this specifies the maximum wait time, in seconds.
If <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">timeout</span> <span class="pre"><=</span> <span class="pre">0</span></tt>, the call won’t block, and will report the currently
ready file objects.
If <em>timeout</em> is <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">None</span></tt>, the call will block until a monitored file object
becomes ready.</p>
<p>This returns a list of <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">(key,</span> <span class="pre">events)</span></tt> tuples, one for each ready file
object.</p>
<p><em>key</em> is the <a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.SelectorKey" title="selectors.SelectorKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SelectorKey</span></tt></a> instance corresponding to a ready file
object.
<em>events</em> is a bitmask of events ready on this file object.</p>
<div class="admonition note">
<p class="first admonition-title">Note</p>
<p class="last">This method can return before any file object becomes ready or the
timeout has elapsed if the current process receives a signal: in this
case, an empty list will be returned.</p>
</div>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="selectors.BaseSelector.close">
<tt class="descname">close</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.BaseSelector.close" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Close the selector.</p>
<p>This must be called to make sure that any underlying resource is freed.
The selector shall not be used once it has been closed.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="selectors.BaseSelector.get_key">
<tt class="descname">get_key</tt><big>(</big><em>fileobj</em><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.BaseSelector.get_key" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return the key associated with a registered file object.</p>
<p>This returns the <a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.SelectorKey" title="selectors.SelectorKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SelectorKey</span></tt></a> instance associated to this file
object, or raises <a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#KeyError" title="KeyError"><tt class="xref py py-exc docutils literal"><span class="pre">KeyError</span></tt></a> if the file object is not registered.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="selectors.BaseSelector.get_map">
<tt class="descname">get_map</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.BaseSelector.get_map" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>Return a mapping of file objects to selector keys.</p>
<p>This returns a <a class="reference internal" href="collections.abc.html#collections.abc.Mapping" title="collections.abc.Mapping"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">Mapping</span></tt></a> instance mapping
registered file objects to their associated <a class="reference internal" href="#selectors.SelectorKey" title="selectors.SelectorKey"><tt class="xref py py-class docutils literal"><span class="pre">SelectorKey</span></tt></a>
instance.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="selectors.DefaultSelector">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">selectors.</tt><tt class="descname">DefaultSelector</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.DefaultSelector" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>The default selector class, using the most efficient implementation
available on the current platform. This should be the default choice for
most users.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="selectors.SelectSelector">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">selectors.</tt><tt class="descname">SelectSelector</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.SelectSelector" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#select.select" title="select.select"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">select.select()</span></tt></a>-based selector.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="selectors.PollSelector">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">selectors.</tt><tt class="descname">PollSelector</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.PollSelector" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#select.poll" title="select.poll"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">select.poll()</span></tt></a>-based selector.</p>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="selectors.EpollSelector">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">selectors.</tt><tt class="descname">EpollSelector</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.EpollSelector" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#select.epoll" title="select.epoll"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">select.epoll()</span></tt></a>-based selector.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="selectors.EpollSelector.fileno">
<tt class="descname">fileno</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.EpollSelector.fileno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This returns the file descriptor used by the underlying
<a class="reference internal" href="select.html#select.epoll" title="select.epoll"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">select.epoll()</span></tt></a> object.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
<dl class="class">
<dt id="selectors.KqueueSelector">
<em class="property">class </em><tt class="descclassname">selectors.</tt><tt class="descname">KqueueSelector</tt><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.KqueueSelector" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p><a class="reference internal" href="select.html#select.kqueue" title="select.kqueue"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">select.kqueue()</span></tt></a>-based selector.</p>
<dl class="method">
<dt id="selectors.KqueueSelector.fileno">
<tt class="descname">fileno</tt><big>(</big><big>)</big><a class="headerlink" href="#selectors.KqueueSelector.fileno" title="Permalink to this definition">¶</a></dt>
<dd><p>This returns the file descriptor used by the underlying
<a class="reference internal" href="select.html#select.kqueue" title="select.kqueue"><tt class="xref py py-func docutils literal"><span class="pre">select.kqueue()</span></tt></a> object.</p>
</dd></dl>
</dd></dl>
</div>
<div class="section" id="examples">
<h2>18.4.3. Examples<a class="headerlink" href="#examples" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
<p>Here is a simple echo server implementation:</p>
<div class="highlight-python3"><div class="highlight"><pre><span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">selectors</span>
<span class="kn">import</span> <span class="nn">socket</span>
<span class="n">sel</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">selectors</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">DefaultSelector</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">accept</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mask</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">()</span> <span class="c"># Should be ready</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'accepted'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="s">'from'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">addr</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setblocking</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">sel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">selectors</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">EVENT_READ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">read</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">def</span> <span class="nf">read</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mask</span><span class="p">):</span>
<span class="n">data</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">recv</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">1000</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># Should be ready</span>
<span class="k">if</span> <span class="n">data</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'echoing'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="nb">repr</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">),</span> <span class="s">'to'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">send</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">data</span><span class="p">)</span> <span class="c"># Hope it won't block</span>
<span class="k">else</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="nb">print</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="s">'closing'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">sel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">unregister</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">conn</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">conn</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">close</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">sock</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">socket</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">socket</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="n">sock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">bind</span><span class="p">((</span><span class="s">'localhost'</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="mi">1234</span><span class="p">))</span>
<span class="n">sock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">listen</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="mi">100</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">sock</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">setblocking</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="k">False</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="n">sel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">register</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">sock</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">selectors</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">EVENT_READ</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">accept</span><span class="p">)</span>
<span class="k">while</span> <span class="k">True</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">events</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">sel</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">select</span><span class="p">()</span>
<span class="k">for</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mask</span> <span class="ow">in</span> <span class="n">events</span><span class="p">:</span>
<span class="n">callback</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">key</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">data</span>
<span class="n">callback</span><span class="p">(</span><span class="n">key</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">fileobj</span><span class="p">,</span> <span class="n">mask</span><span class="p">)</span>
</pre></div>
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<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">18.4. <tt class="docutils literal"><span class="pre">selectors</span></tt> – High-level I/O multiplexing</a><ul>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction">18.4.1. Introduction</a></li>
<li><a class="reference internal" href="#classes">18.4.2. Classes</a></li>
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